Legal Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Problem - Essay Example How would your answer differ if:- (a) Arnold submitted that he knew the route so well that in his view he had eliminated as much risk as possible by his actions? (b) you were informed that Arnold was employed by Great Northern Railways and that he had worked an 80 hour shift that week? â€Å"(1) A person who without lawful excuse destroys or damages any property belonging to another intending to destroy or damage any such property or being reckless as to whether any such property would be destroyed or damaged shall be guilty of an offence. The shade that has been destroyed by Bhopindar’s action constitutes certain amount of criminal liability on his part, as his action includes the elements of recklessness. The English Law has classified into two parts, namely, Subjective Recklessness and Objective Recklessness. Recklessness is also referred to as Intention Acts, which is often described in legal terminology as â€Å"extreme carelessness regarding an obvious defect or problem.† (Stewart, Warner, Portman, 2008, p. 228) Now such acts of â€Å"extreme carelessness†, according to jurisprudential rational, incorporates intention of an individual to commit such act and such element of intentional commission of reckless act are specified in legal terminology as mens rea. Paul Bergman, Sara J. Berman, Sara J. Berman-Barrett explains mens rea as, â€Å"Mens rea is Latin for â€Å"guilty mind†. The mens rea concept expresses a belief that people should be punished †¦ only when they have acted w ith an intent or purpose that makes them morally blameworthy.† (Bergman, Berman, Berman-Barrett, 2008, p. 253) Comparing the situation of both Bhopindar and Arnold it is not tough to understand that in Arnold’s case presence of mens rea is quite explicit whereas it is clear from Bhopindar’s action that he was almost ignorant about the possibility of happening of such

How Far Libraries in Primary Schools Assist in the Education System Essay Example for Free

How Far Libraries in Primary Schools Assist in the Education System Essay Education all over the world has evolved into a more complex system of teaching methods, areas of learning to be taught, curriculum, tools to be used in the mode of instruction chosen, language to be used in the instruction, and many more. As schools respond to these needs, a parallel program to upgrade the states of the schools’ libraries is also necessary. Studies have shown that there is a direct relationship between library programs and levels of performance among children in the primary schools. Thus, the advocacy in pursuing strategic plans to better equip the libraries in primary schools is growing. Libraries have organized into a solid association as they seek the support of the government not only in terms of legislation but more so on adequate funding to rehabilitate the libraries of primary schools. A primary school library serves as the media center for students, faculty, staff, and parents that serve each of their purposes and interests. For a student, the school library is the place where he gets information relative to classroom assignments and projects. It could also be the source for a student’s interest in children books, caricature books, comic books, adventure books which he usually shares with his friends and classmates. For the faculty and staff, the primary school library is the source of relevant materials such as stories, poems, songs, and structured activities which serve to enhance the teaching method and enrich teaching modules. For parents, the primary school library serves as a refresher forum in order for them to catch up with their children’s assignments and works. A good primary school library is a place where children are taught how to love reading. There is focus on the enhancement of reading habits among children. Some early rewards system may be established to grow the reading habit. There should be a significance of motivation in promoting student reading. Meanwhile, teachers and parents are coached on how to support the child’s learning how to love reading. Guidelines in improving reading promotion programs are in place. (Johnson, J. Creating fat kids who don’t like to read. Sept/Oct 1999, Vol. 18 Issue 2 p96). LITERATURE REVIEW The availability of materials in this subject matter is not broad. However, studies conducted in this area showed more or less identical results. These findings only strengthen the thesis of this work. Most of the materials that can be used in research studies on primary school libraries are on fund-raising activities in order to grow the number of books in the primary school libraries. Only a handful could be read on the focus and evaluation of primary school libraries. In a documentary by Pat Miller, he discussed on how librarians can attract children to the library where interest from among these children seems to have faded. The perception among children that the library is the home of antiquated and boring books should be dis-abused and re-aligned to the basic truth and tradition that children needs to develop the habit of reading to equip them for a better future. Moreover, she suggests librarians to make library a kid-friendly by taking cues from their electronic livesproviding library games, encouraging student chat, teaching with video and audio, and making the books relevant and personal. Moreover, she recommends librarians to cater all learning styles and to consider factors like gender appeal in taking steps to enhance the students interest in library (Miller, Pat. Is your library kid-friendly? Library Media Connection. Worthington, Mar 2008. Vol 26, Issue 6 pg22). In Jesuit schools like the Ateneo de Manila University, the primary school library serves as the resource center for teachers as they weave stories into the everyday lessons aimed at building at total formation of the child. This is in conjunction with the school’s strategy of promoting a class teacher scheme of imparting knowledge. The self-contained classroom develops students through integration of subject matters using reading skills and values as the thread. Storybook weaving approach is the key in achieving a self-contained classroom strategy. In this context, the primary school library provides various and extensive collection of storybooks for both the teachers and the students. The purpose of a school library according to The School Library Association (January 2006) is to provide a wide range of multimedia resources to support teaching and learning throughout the key stages, ad foster a reading and information culture that promotes independent motivated readers and learners for life. One of the main objectives of a primary school library is to cultivate interest for reading among children with the end of developing the habit of reading among them as they grow into well-informed adults. Developing enthusiasm for learning through reading is the focus of library work (Dubber, Geoff. Cultivating Curiosity: information literacy skills and the primary school library. Januray 2008). The use of a rewards system in creating interest for reading among children may be a good incentive at the beginning. But weaning children from getting rewards for their reading habit should be done at an earlier stage. The enthusiasm to be in the library to read books should be out of a habit and personal interest cultivated in the child through earlier intervention programs. This updated and revised Guideline, taking account of the 2007 Government literacy teaching objectives, explains the importance of embedding information literacy into a whole school, ICT and curriculum context. It outlines and explains the processes of research for young children and shows ways that teachers and librarians can develop and promote information literacy and related ICT skills through the primary school library and link it to classroom practice. It also includes a very useful and practical case study, some templates, and a reading list. (Dubber, 2008). Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K), a sample of more than 20,000 children who started kindergarten in fall 1998, researchers found that many children do not experience key elements in their schools that maximize their learning outcomes: * 30 percent of all children attend elementary schools that do not have strong principal leadership * Just over half of all children are in schools where their teachers meet together regularly to plan sequenced and coordinated instruction. * 15 percent of children are in schools where teacher turnover is a problem (Peckham, Suzanne. â€Å"Specific School Traits linked to Elementary Achievement Scores. † The Education Digest. Mar 2008. Vol 73 Issue 7 pg 76). In other parts of the world, like China, learner-centered teaching is as a way to nurture active learners who can innovate and solve problems. Teacher education programs are beginning to adopt learner-centered methods as well. In the U. S. , learner-centered approaches, which emphasize teaching for meaning, have been promoted for some time. Primary teachers now get three years of training, and the eventual goal is for all teachers to have at least four years of training. Traditionally, Chinese teacher education has concentrated on subject matter. In the last decade, however, there have been calls for expanding professional preparation by establishing closer links between schools and universities, by having prospective teachers study educational theory and apply their skills through practice teaching, and by having teacher educator’s model effective pedagogy. Meanwhile, U. S. policy makers have been promoting shorter, alternative routes to teaching, including on-the-job training (Preus, Betty. â€Å"Educational Trends in China and the United States: Proverbial Pendulum or Potential for Balance. † Bloomington: Oct 2007. Vol. 89 Issue 2; pg115). The library department should take the initiative to create and implement simple activities that attract children to their school library. These activities should point back to good old books like literature and establish a connection of the lessons, phrases, morale of these books to the present times. This would create an impression in the minds of children why these books are still read up to this day. (Weisburg, Hilda and Ruth Toor. â€Å"Brush Up your Shakespeare. † School Librarian’s Workshop. Berkeley Heights: Spring 2008. Vol 28 Issue 5; pg 16). The primary school library serves as the motivator of interest in children while it is a data center for adults like teachers and parents. The former brings about awareness and interest while the latter reinforces needs to bridge the gap between children and adults. The interest that is developed in a child should be continuously strengthened by an unconditional support from the parents, teachers, and other significant others. Support from parents may be through a grant of some additional time for the child to enjoy the library. The physical set-up of a primary school library is a determining factor in achieving the goal of creating interest and enthusiasm among children insofar as their need to visit the library is concerned. Library design plays an important role in the realization of a primary school’s goal of cultivating the habit of learning through reading among primary school children. The tangible and the intangible goals of a primary school library go hand in hand. (Dewe, Michael. Ideas and Designs: Creating the Environment for the Primary School Library. October 2007). It is very essential that the government or other non-governmental entities give support to the initiative by giving funds for the rehabilitation of public libraries. The government units may also have a parallel program in which to recognize and appreciate children who read books and other materials in the library. A well-resourced school library plays a key part in assisting learning across the school and is essential to support the wealth of opportunities for studying the locality. An accessible, attractively presented collection of local materials that includes a range of formats will enhance effective learning and raise the status of the library within the school and beyond. (Southcombe, Dianne. Setting the Scene: Local Studies Resources in the School Library. 1999). The presence of a teacher-librarian would help in the pursuit of good library programs. To maximize the impact of a primary school library in aid of the school curriculum, a regular updating of the library’s policy and development plan are necessary. The aim is to develop the library as the school’s resource and focus for learning. (Harrison, Kay and Tricia Adams. Practical Paperwork: Policy Making and Development Planning for the Primary School Library. February 2007. ) Achieving a successful school library is a bit like gardening: little and often, with regular input to obtain healthy growth and year-round interest. (Harrison and Adams. 2007). The school’s annual calendar should include such events as would introduce the children to the use of its primary school library. Making children aware of the existence of a good primary school library in their vicinity is the first step towards the goals of establishing a good primary school library. School programs like book events should be included in the school’s calendar of activities for the year. (Dubber, Geoff and Elspeth Scott. Brilliant Books: Running a Successful School Library Book Event. 2nd edition. April 2005). A library is only as good as the material it contains and the access it provides for its users, so efficient stock management is essential for effective resource provision (Lemaire, Kathy. Shelf Life, Shelf Matters: Managing Resources in the School Library. 2nd edition. October 2004). Times are changing and libraries need to keep abreast on recent development in technology. Otherwise, there would be a gap between children and the libraries in general. With the advances achieved by the new information technology systems as well as the prevalent use of mobile phones for SMS, primary school libraries need to go beyond; than just providing children resource materials for reading. (Murphy, Richard. Going online: Developing LRC Web Pages. May 2003). The introduction of the Internet and its associated information handling/literacy skills is quickly becoming a key development in the effective use of primary school libraries. Many schools are realizing the potential of the Internet as an exciting and dynamic curriculum resource for raising pupil attainment, developing a pupil awareness of ICT for a real purpose, and promoting literacy. (Dubber, Geoff, et al. The Internet, the Primary School Library, and the Independent Learner. 2002). The rehabilitation of libraries includes those in the public schools. The funding from government is necessary (Ward, Helen. Book bonanza spurs pupils to test success. The Times Educational Supplement. London: October 26, 2007, Issue 4760. pg 15). Accessibility and ease of use of the primary school library are focus areas that need to be addressed as well by the school as it aims to develop awareness and interest among children. There are systems and tools which are available in the market to address this concern. This will help in ensuring confident use of the primary school library among children. Additionally, teachers would be aided in the instructional process of guiding children towards the regular use of the library. The school’s direction in integrating library use and school curriculum will dictate the degree of interest that the school provides in addressing ease and accessibility concerns on the use of its library. (Lemaire, Kathy. Issue Systems for the Primary School Library. 2nd edition). A key results area always requires a key process indicator to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiencies of the program. Performance measurement is being required by some governmental agencies to ensure continuous improvement of standards and attainment of objectives. Measuring the success of the primary school library in its ultimate end of awakening and cultivating interest and enthusiasm to learn among children is a real opportunity to evaluate the success thus far and to continuously strategize for improvements. (Scott, Elspeth. Measuring Success: How Effective is your School Library Resource Centre? 2001). â€Å"Enjoyment of reading at the youngest possible age sets us up for life as full members of a literate society† (Attenborough, Liz. Project Director of the National Year of Reading. As cited in Primary School Guidelines, 2002). A research study conducted by California School Libraries Association from 1993 to 2005 showed that where there is a library overall program consisting of quality and adequate staffing, flexible hours of availability, and collaborative support to school curriculum, the goal for establishing any library for that matter is achieved. In addition, 99. 4 percent of grades 3-12 students in Ohio believe school libraries and their services help them become better learners [Ohio: Todd, Kuhlthau and OELMA, 2004]. The relationship between school library program services and student achievement was not negated by other school or community demographics, [Missouri: Quantitative Resources, LLC, 2003]. The relationship between school library program development and test scores is not explained away by other school or community conditions at the elementary or middle school levels or by other school conditions at the high school level, [Oregon: Lance, Rodney, and Hamilton-Pennell, 2001] (Cited in California School Libraries Association. School Libraries Do Make A Difference. Research Studies from 1993 to 2005 in Sixteen States). In 2001, a research study was conducted among Texas school to examine school library resources, services, and use, on the basis of School Library Programs and how these made an impact on the students’ performance measured in the reading portion of Texas Assessment of Academic Skills. The research study showed that in schools were a good library program exists; students got higher percentage performance than those who had poor library resources and programs. (EGS Research Consulting. Texas School Libraries: Standards, Resources, Services, and Students’ Performance. Texas State Library and Archives Commission. April 2001). The same study shows that where there is collaborative work between Library Staff and the teachers, higher percentage performance among students’ reading skills is achieved. (EGS Research Consulting. Texas School Libraries: Standards, Resources, Services, and Students’ Performance. Texas State Library and Archives Commission. April 2001). The Texas Library Journal Volume 77 No. 4, Winter 2001 reported on the state of the libraries in Texas and how the government committed its support in the rehabilitation of their libraries. Texas believes in the necessity of transforming libraries in order for them to meet the requirements of the present. While books would still be books and the love of books would always be there, the Association of Texas Libraries advocate for the application of advance technology in their libraries to ensure wider reach and expanded services. (Texas Library Journal, 2001). I will end by returning to the question I posed in my introduction. Will â€Å"the love of books† disappear? There is the love of the content of books, and there is the love of books. For those for whom the two are inseparable, the answer must be no, the love of books won’t disappear; but perhaps eventually all the people who love books in the traditional form will disappear. I think that could take a very, very, long time. Weeks asks: â€Å"If it has no pages, just a magic tablet that emits sounds, sights, smells and tastes, is a book still a book? †13 For me, the answer is yes. I can accept â€Å"a substantial compilation of ideas or actions commonly displayed on a viewing device† as the future definition of â€Å"book. † As a librarian, I must be a philistine: I’ve always loved the content more than the package. [Juergens, Bonnie, Executive Director of Amigos Library Services](Texas Library Journal, 2001). he ex Libraries are vital to children’s achievement in school. As they need to develop their informational needs and reading habits, children need libraries and good library programs. But they would not be able to use these available materials on their own. They need the supportive details from adults like the Librarians, their teachers, and their parents. A collaborative work among these three significant others of children are necessary. (Newman, Susan. â€Å"The role of school libraries in elementary and secondary education. † Teacher Librarian. Seattle: October 2002. Vol. 30 Issue 1, pg 74). The Library Power Program at Chattanooga TNs Lakeside Elementary School has found a direct correlation between students use of the library and the level of their test scores in reading comprehension and reference skills (Anonymous. â€Å"Positive correlation between student library use and test scores. † Teacher Librarian. Seattle: Jan/Feb 1999. Vol. 26 Issue 3. pg61). The Lance Model and the Alaska study focused on evaluating the impact of good librarianship to the reading capabilities among primary school children. Several key findings were reported in these studies which point to the direct relationship between good library programs and student’s level of reading performance. (Williams, Doroty, Louisa Coles and Caroline Wavell. Impact of school library services on achievement and learning in primary schools. A critical literature review. 2002). At Lincoln Elementary School in Hawaii a program which involves children from the 5th and 4th grades are given the opportunity to work as library aides The current library aides conduct this recruitment meeting where they talk about their duties and responsibilities to help students decide if being an aide is something they really want to do. Applicants go through a rigorous one-week training period that tests their commitment and desire to serve as library aides. Throughout the training, the aides take notes and provide the trainees with individual scores for their attitude, respect, and knowledge. (Muranaga, Karen and Emmi Masumura. Library Aides: Building Character, Advancing Service. Worthington. Jan 2008. Vol 26 Issue 4 pg10). METHODOLOGY Several works are undertaken to assess the direct correlation between library programs and the reading performance among primary school children. The methodology in all these researches is more or less similar. Research study methods are used to gather data either for quantitative or qualitative analysis. The validity and availability of this data cannot be questioned and denied. Test measurements, especially those required by the state for regulatory purposes, are extensive and widely represented. Case study research is the recommended methodology to use in library studies. Researchers could use the case study method to further study the role of the librarian in implementing specific models of service. For example, case study research could examine how information-seeking behavior in public libraries compares with information-seeking behavior in places other than libraries; to conduct in-depth studies of non-library community based information services to compare with library based community information services, and to study community networks based in libraries. (The Case Study as a Research Method. Uses and Users of Information LIS 391D. 1. Spring 1997). Case studies are complex because they generally involve multiple sources of data, may include multiple cases within a study, and produce large amounts of data for analysis. Researchers from many disciplines use the case study method to build upon theory, to produce new theory, to dispute or challenge theory, to explain a situation, to provide a basis to apply solutions to situations, to explore, or to describe an object or phenomenon. The advantages of the case study method are its applicability to real-life, contemporary, human situations, and its public accessibility through written reports. Case study results relate directly to the common reader’s everyday experience and facilitate an understanding of complex real-life situations. (The Case Study as a Research Method. Uses and Users of Information LIS 391D. 1. Spring 1997). The method of Convergent Analysis simply uses a set of questions based on the area of study being undertaken. These questions are set in a standard format. A parallel run is made by reviewing relevant studies and setting them in the same format used for the set of questions prepared for the study. Analysis is done by comparing the results of the two standard formats and assess on convergent points. (Norris, Cathleen, et al. Convergent Analysis: A method for extracting the value from research studies on technology in education. Peer-Reviewed. 1999) Review of relevant studies and a re-examination of the original search strategy. It is also recommended that a kind of longitudinal study of impact of primary library provision on learning, based on the implementation of appropriate standards be also undertaken. It is also recommended to conduct a quantitative study used in the USA for use with KS1 and KS2 SATs and pilot to establish whether the methodology is transferable to the English primary education. A qualitative evaluation of the intervention using standards and any indicators may also be developed. (Williams, Dorothy, Louis Coles and Caroline Wavell). Impact of school library services on achievement and learning in primary schools. 2002). A study conducted by ETI used varied assessment tools in attaining its objective, namely: data collection through surveys; fieldwork through questionnaires and interviews; observation of children in selected settings; case study method (â€Å"Evaluation of Public Library Summer Reading Program. † The Los Angeles County Public Library Foundation. Final Report. December 2001). Fieldwork method may also be used in ascertaining the questions in the area of study. This fieldwork may consist of questionnaires distributed among selected representative population and interviews conducted among selected authorities in the area of study. (Dubazana, Khanyi. Integration of the school library into the curriculum. Education Library and Information Technology Services). CONCLUSION From the foregoing literature sources, we can safely say that there is indeed a need for a well structured primary school library. The structure includes not only the physical set-up but also the books inside the library, the library staff, and more importantly, the library program. These are the pillars of a good primary school library that supports the early development of the school child. Children believe what they see. If they see lines and lines of good attractive books then it would already create the interest in them to check out the books and go through the pages of some of them. They cannot be forced to read in an environment that is not conducive to reading. In the latte case, the inadequacy of the library would backfire any effort to arouse the interest in the child and develop the reading habit. The presence of warm and hospitable library staff would sustain the interest in the child-reader. The program that the library can offer to children is a factor that sustains the child’s interest and children would keep on going back to the library which would be as second home to them. A comprehensive work on the area of direct correlation between good library program and reading skills among primary children is relevant today. The educational trend nowadays is towards the extensive use of advance technology even in the primary schools. Reading books has become a thing of the past for many as more and more have shifted to reading information, data, stories, and news from the internet. But this shift from the good old printed material to the easy access to internet sources should be seen on a positive note. There is an opportunity to still arouse the child’s enthusiasm through the implementation of a good program. The library staff should not feel demotivated by this trend. Rather, the Library staff should continue to introduce innovations and attract children to access the library more often. The results of the study as mentioned in the above discussions should serve as an eye opener for all schools and government agencies to work collaboratively in developing the young minds into future reading-individuals. The habit of reading should be sustained all throughout the stages of his life. The shift from print to media sources of reading should be addressed positively. Awareness and campaign strategies as well as the use of a reward system in order to promote interest in reading among primary school students. The use of the internet and the advancement of technology, policies, strategies should be seen as complementing strategies in the total development of the child. The shift from printed materials to web reading among children should be addressed in order to eradicate the confusing stand on this issue; there is never a substitute for reading good printed books. Thus, while we embrace the advances of technology in the field of learning and education, we should not forget the solid foundation of reading good books from an early age. This is not only for learning and cognition. Rather, reading is very much a part of a child’s growing up with family bonds, societal norms, and tradition. The role of primary school libraries has always been to create an environment that arouses the child’s interest in books. A good library physical set-up and programs would be a good answer to the proposition – children perform excellently in the primary schools where school libraries collaborate with the school’s curriculum. It is time to begin reshaping our vision for 21st-century school library media programs, and the best way is to assemble a study group, a professional learning community, a district group of teacher-librarians, or just yourself. Compare and contrast these standards documents and then read your own mission statement. What essentials remain the same? What are different? Who needs to know? What should happen next? (Loertscher, David. Find Out What Should Work. Teacher Librarian. Seattle: December 2007. Vol 35 Issue 2 pg 40). REFERENCES Anonymous.â€Å"Positive correlation between student library use and test scores. † Teacher Librarian. Seattle: Jan/Feb 1999. Vol. 26 Issue 3. pg61. Attenborough, Liz. Project Director of the National Year of Reading. As cited in Primary School Guidelines, 2002. Cited in California School Libraries Association. School Libraries Do Make A Difference. Research Studies from 1993 to 2005 in Sixteen States. Dewe, Michael. Ideas and Designs: Creating the Environment for the Primary School Library. October 2007. Dubber, Geoff. Cultivating Curiosity: information literacy skills and the primary school library. Januray 2008. Dubazana, Khanyi. Integration of the school library into the curriculum. Education Library and Information Technology Services. Dubber, Geoff and Elspeth Scott. Brilliant Books: Running a Successful School Library Book Event. 2nd edition. April 2005. EGS Research Consulting. Texas School Libraries: Standards, Resources, Services, and Students’ Performance. Texas State Library and Archives Commission. April 2001. â€Å"Evaluation of Public Library Summer Reading Program. † The Los Angeles County Public Library Foundation. Final Report. December 2001. Harrison, Kay and Tricia Adams. Practical Paperwork: Policy Making and Development Planning for the Primary School Library. February 2007. Juergens, Bonnie, Executive Director of Amigos Library Services](Texas Library Journal, 2001. Lemaire, Kathy. Shelf Life, Shelf Matters: Managing Resources in the School Library. 2nd edition. October 2004. Loertscher, David. Find Out What Should Work. Teacher Librarian. Seattle: December 2007. Vol 35 Issue 2 pg 40. Miller, Pat. Is your library kid-friendly? Library Media Conne

Science and Technology Business Models: Nanotechnology

Science and Technology Business Models: Nanotechnology Reviewing the business model of nanophase, we can explain that, nanophase business model always uses circuitous merchandise to the customers, for most of its interest .to solve problems the companys make use of the owners knowledge and also thing or substance which is produced .To discover dissatisfying wants set of people work together, cooperate with an imminent customers .Which meet the needs of the favored markets ,internationally and few domestic sales were made through discerning practiced person acting for another in business and an agent who supplies goods .To enhance the size of their interest nanophase also got occupied in systematic investigation of material,machinery,grant license and promoting strategy of formal union or association .Staff members manufactured only those materials in the market which had high equipment and which economically gave tough competition. Nanocrystalline materials also assured to add the most value of giving moral benefit to play proper role to their performance. To the customers request nanocryatalline materials were established by the person who is skilled in the field of engineering. So that they get maximum profit most of the times in most of the cases .The key elements of this model are What is nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is the branch of knowledge involving systematic observation of their knowledge which is combining form of one thousand millionth instrument that measures or records -the world smallest particle of chemical element that can take part in chemical reaction and group of atoms forming smallest fundamental unit of chemical compound. This equipment always assures to change the way of living, the way of striving against disease, the way of producing and the way of traveling through universe. History of nanophase technologies and corporation. In the mid of 1980 they founded the signs of nanophase technology by investigation. RICHARD SIEGEL an international scientists who did the systematic investigation of materials and who elaborated the physical vapor synthesis By making use of (pvs) process ,the task of nanophase was to manufacture the combining form of one thousand millionth structured materials. -Protecting the intellectual property. Nanophase was also booming in protecting its equipment, tools and processes with official document. -Reducing manufacturing costs. To reduce manufacturing cost, Nanophase placed an important research on its machinery for its development on systematic investigation of materials. They were also provided with money by the company to improve making of articles for their financial profit of its production. -Financing operations. Nanophase has financed say about $19,558,069 which private company offered for equity securities. In 1997 public offered 4,000,000 common shares at $8.00 a share to increase $28,837,936 for the development of the company. -Transition and changes in management. In elaborating high technology their executives tried to speed their condition to raise the financial profit. Developing so many projects nanophase had to undergo and did not have enough products and customers also brought into existence a dependable interest stream. -The science of nanotechnology at nanophase. Using metallic cerium, copper, iron etc. nanotechnology is used to manufacture nanocrystalline particles. Marketing strategy used by nanophase is to develop their business with their team work which they used on nanotechnology with new applications to tie up with new customers. This stage of growth in business included different activities such as estimating and accomplishing capable market opportunities. Growth of this long term plan which recognized the lead customers in each market and which successfully made their way into the market .nanophase also formed a technical team by appointing a proper engineer so that they can come out with proper solution. one-third of the staff were expertise in various fields such as material related, including science of elements and their combination, ceramic products, science of properties and interaction of matter and energy, applications of science to design and uses of various machines and building. To find out precisely what kinds of functions are needed to the customers nanophase had applied nanoparticles skill and appointed the best expertise t o understand the needs of the customers and also their problems. The team also formed partnership deed so that they can give proper services to the customers. Once they done with proper services, staff and team members moved to sales department. By selling the products they had also set a target in minds of the customers. To make their business success they tried to make the maximum profit. The companys main motive was firstly to fit its primary business strategy and then to make maximum significant customers .The role of collaborative relationship of marketing strategy with the customers started developing when the staff members started fulfilling all the needs of the customers .Maintaining relationship with the customers helped them in arranging systematic chemistry which helped the people to do things they cant have done in any other way .To cooperate and manage with the customers was too expensive and was also time consuming .Then to some staff members and management of the comp any expected that the expenses would decrease when there is production development of the company. For introducing nanoparticles to the prospective customers, agents started bringing their years of industrial experience and contacts. The experience of the sales agent which were selected by the company were very fast and they also had cost efficient way to increase the sales long term plan of the nanophase. The company always tries to form close relationship with selected agents so that that can speed with their production horizontally and can be applied on certain things. The problems faced while forming this strategy was majorly seen in the year 2001.This year prove very difficult for nanophase .The profit of the company temporarily declined in economic activities. The company also declined in manufacturing sector which resulted badly in companies primary customer base .Because of the capability of nanotechnology revenue continued to remain strong so that it was still very difficul t to animate the revenue of future expected customers who were also going through different profitable challenges and also degenerating their business activity .these were the problems in this strategy. There are many competitors to compete against nanophase. The technology of nanophase is not properly defined and it is also new, so there are many new competitors who can start their business .The competitors who plan their long-term policy in chemical companies and also from the other participants who form their own industry, nanophase can face competition from these competitors. There are five types of industry who can give competition to nanophase. First, there are many chemical companies which are situated in United States, Europe and Asia. This states form their company and they have started manufacturing silica, carbon black and iron oxide nanocrystalline on a very large scale so that they can sell this to maximum customers. They started their manufacturing worldwide so that they can become famous and tie-up their companies name with Bayer AG, Cabot Corporation etc.They also have an ample amount of financial, technical wealth, big investigation, more increasing staffs and huge advertising and mechanized capability. Secondly, there are OEMS who have started making nanocrystalline resources which are manufactured only by their owners and were used only for their products. They are trying to follow with view of overtaking some application that includes biotechnology, petroleum, computing and microelectronics etc. These companies are capable enough to sell nanocrystalline resources which are not useful in their own operations but which are needed for outside customers. Thirdly, these start-up companies are the most important companies which will compete the strategy of nanophase. The companies are Light-year technologies INC, Argonide Corporation, Tal materials INC, Nanomat, Oxonica ltd, Nanopowders industries, Nanopowder enterprises, Nano source technologies these all are private ltd company. They are trying to develop employees in research organization to develop nanotechnology because they were trying to trying to make them official because they were investigated by some scientists and engineers. Fourthly, they have the ability to manufacture nanocrystalline materials in small quantities using one out of two manufacturing process. Finally, Altair nanotechnologies are still upcoming competitor who are planning strategy to compete nanophase. Yes, there is management strength in this company. Nanophase has managed all ups and downs of the company. Nanophase has reviewed the business model. It has very well managed the marketing strategy of the company. This company has also faced the upcoming problems. Company had faced some major problem in 2001.but it was solved till the year 2002-2003.company has also fulfilled all the needs of customers. Many new technologies have also invented by the company .They also processed PVS. Due to which nanoparticles were produced. Due to nanotechnology there is certain development in product markets etc. It has also looked after health and personal products .It has managed in all fields. In technical, sale or manufacturing department. This shows management of nanophase, became strength of this company. REFRENCE/BIBLOGRAPHY- Nanophase case study 6-19, module handbookPG-49, 44, 45, 50,51,52,53. Nanophase Technologies Corporation, 2001 annual report. Nanophase technologies corporation, 2000 annual report; sec from 10-q, May 15, 2002 www.nanophase.com : Nanophase 2001 Annual Report: Sec from 10-k 405, 1997.

Surrogacy :: social issues

Surrogacy In today's society, couples with breeding problems and homosexual couples have been increasing. There are a lot of reason which causes them not to be able to breed any child. There can by body problems, or other problems. Those couples will feel lonely and isolated, it will make them envy other parents who have a group of children. There are many alternatives that would allow these couples to have a child. There is Adoption, Fostering, etc. But the main particular method this essay is chosen to discuss is Surrogacy. Surrogacy, is known as a act of substitution and replacement in the dictionary. But, people define surrogacy as a egg donation to a surrogate mother, a surrogate mother may carry a child for someone whom she may not have never previously known. She agrees to become artificially inseminated or undergo IVF treatment to carry a child and then after the birth give the child to the intended parents. Therefore, in our terms of reference surrogate motherhood is defined as an arrangement under which a woman agrees to breed a child for another couple. While there are two main types of surrogacy, gestational surrogacy and traditional, there are also different types of arrangements, agency arranged and independently arranged. Also surrogacy may be done between strangers who never meet, persons who meet only a few times, persons who meet and become quite close over the course and often after the surrogacy, and those who are friends before ever entering a surrogacy arrangement or are family membe rs. The procedures of surrogacy the couple have to follow are firstly, to interview intended parents or surrogate mothers and egg donors, then they will have to choose a match and complete all medical and psychological screening, lastly, they will begin medicated cycles and attempt pregnancy. It would take around a minimum of 12 months to complete any surrogacy program. The cost of surrogacy programs are surely expensive, but to the couples it may not be an important issue. The cost of a first time surrogate mother is around $30,000, and with a second time surrogate mother would cost around $40,000. Altogether, the cost is approximately $75,000 for a singleton birth plus medical expenses. This includes the surrogate's expenses fee, IVF transfer fee, cycling allowance, pregnancy allowance, surrogate's attorney fee, maternity clothing allowance, multiple fetus expense, retainer fee, the intended parent's attorney fees, court filing fees, maternity costs and the costs of delivery and hospital, maternity costs of OB/GYN, the stepparent adoption/parentage establishment fee, and finally, the surrogate's fee.

Compare and contrast shopping as a leisure activity of British Culture with that of your own culture Essay

Becoming a foreign student has given me the opportunity of living in two cities at the same time. Living in each city regularly has let me see many similarities and differences between both. In this essay, I will mainly compare and contrast shopping as a leisure activity between United Kingdom and Hong Kong. I will look at the kinds of activities, attitudes towards spending, the view of shops and the opening hours of shops. First of all, both United Kingdom and Hong Kong are consumer societies. People can find all sorts of things to do like shopping in malls or streets. The appearance of the malls in United Kingdom primarily comes from the fact that they feature more than hundreds of stand-alone shops, cafes, restaurants and a huge number of department stores, in which there are wide varieties of types of shops. Moreover, most shops are chain stores, but among those that are not, there is much individuality. (O’ Driscoll, J. 1995 P. 148) The situation of shopping malls is as common in Hong Kong. Both societies, moreover, like buying and selling products through online. Nowadays, the rapid development of the Internet advances the online trading. The customers do not need to walk on the streets, they just have to browse the website of that company and the shop will provide the pictures of the products for you to purchase. For example, the Amazon. com is popular in both United Kingdom and Hong Kong. (Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2012) Despite some important similarities in shopping between United Kingdom and Hong Kong, there are significant differences as well. One obvious difference is the attitude towards spending. The British are not very adventurous shoppers. They like reliability and buy goods that are preferably with the price clearly marked. Of course, they are not very keen on haggling over prices. (O’ Driscoll, J. 1995 P. 148) In contrast, Hong Kong People spend lots of money on buying things they like. Also, people in Hong Kong like to bargain with the sales owner in order to obtain a cheaper price, especially in some market streets and small shops. (Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2012) Other areas of difference are the opening hours of shops. Most shops close early in United Kingdom such as half-past five and shops close a bit later in large cities. In some towns there are even shops shut at midday and do not open again. (O’ Driscoll, J. 1995 P. 149) This is probably because owner needs to take rest after a full day’s work. However, since Hong Kong is a reputed shopping ‘paradise’, it is easy for you to find a shopping mall nearby anytime. (Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2012) Shops open till late at night in Hong Kong because workers tend to earn more money to earn a living and in order to match with those people who need to work late. Unexpectedly, some market streets even open at 2 am. Therefore, people can go shopping whenever they want to. To Hong Kong eyes, the shopping malls seem just like convenience stores. A final difference between United Kingdom and Hong Kong is the view of the shops. Many people are surprised by the shabbiness of shop-window displays, even in prosperous areas in United Kingdom. It is just that the British do not demand art in their shop windows (O’ Driscoll, J. 1995 P. 148), whereas shops in Hong Kong are definitely decorated nicely and drab hoardings and shop signs erupt in numerous shades of neon color. Peering over the balcony was like looking down on a fairground and even the lights of the shops could not compare with the overall view. People say shopping gives a lot of pleasure to citizens. This must be true. Indeed people in both United Kingdom and Hong Kong like to spend their leisure time on doing shopping. Yet there are still many differences based on the topics such as the spending attitudes, shops opening hours and the view of shops.

A victim to one hundred and seven fatal maladies

A victim to one hundred and seven fatal maladies†. The text is written by an English writer and humorist Jerome K. Jerome, best known for the comic travelogue â€Å"Three Men in a Boat†. The story is about one young healthy men who thought he became â€Å"a victim to one hundred and seven fatal maladies†. The story is written by a humorist, that's why it contains a lot of different funny moments and special stylistic devises. The first one we met already in the name of the story â€Å"A victim to one hundred and seven fatal maladies†. This phrase has an ironical tone.We understand that one man can't have one hundred and seven fatal maladies at once. The utle let us to understand that something will be wrong with the main character, but probably the author will Just ridicule certain type of people. So, one man after reading some medical books decided that he had all of fatal diseases at once, and came to the doctor to tell about his trouble. The doctor said nothing but wrote a prescription, which helped the patient to recover, despite it didn't contain any medicaments. The story can be dlvlded Into 3 logical parts – story proper, climax and denouement.The story has no exposition, because it begins directly with activity of the main character, who was sitting in the library and reading a book about diseases. In the story proper we knew the whole Information about the central character of the story. Generally, the text is built around such human character trait as hypochondria. The author chose an Interesting way to describe this mental instability – the whole text is written with Irony, We can feel it already In the beginning of the story: â€Å"l sat for a while frozen with horror; and than in despair I again turned over the pages.I came to typhoid fever † read the symptoms – iscovered that I had typhoid fever – began to get interested in my case, and so started alphabetically†¦ and the only dise ase I had not got was housemaid's knee†. After these words we understand what kind of man is the main person and may be smb. found himself in it. It's very funny to read about the man who thought he had all the diseases of the world, but honestly speaking if I was on his place I would be scary because of all these diseases.The main person impressed me because in spite of such number of diseases he didn't cry, shout or go Into hysteric, conversely he apples to himself with irony. We can feel it in his thoughts and statements: â€Å"l sat and thought what an interesting case I must be from a medical point of view. Students would have no need to â€Å"walk the hospitals† if they had me. was a hospital in myself. All they need do would be to walk round me, and, after that, take their diploma† or during the conversation with the doctor â€Å"l will not take up your time, dear boy, with telling you what is the matter with me.Life is short and you might pass away befor e I had finished. But I will tell you what is not the matter with me. Everything else, however, I have got†. think that hypochondria of the main personage is in a bad ase, because he had not only all the symptoms of the diseases he had read in the t Of2 000K, out even tnougnt up several compllcatlons. 10 aescrlDe tnls tne autnor usea antithesis: â€Å"l tried to examine myself. I felt my pulse. I could not at first feel any pulse at all.Then, all of sudden, it seemed to start off. I pulled out my watch and timed it. I made ita 100 and 47 to the minute. I tried to feel my heart. I could not feel my heart. It had stopped beating†. The climax of irony and self-irony of the story, I think, is in these 2 phrases – â€Å"l had walked into the reading-room a happy, healthy man. I rawled out a miserable wreck†. It's very funny and very sad simultaneous, because we understand that the only disease this man had was his mental instability.And the main character itsel f understood that he was absolutely happy and healthy man before he read about the diseases, but after it he felt totally ill, even though he understood nothing in medicine and he could not determine if he had those symptoms or not. The denouement of the story comes gradually from the visiting of the doctor through the situation in the chemist's up to recovery of the main person. The key role here played the doctor. He knew our personage for a long time and was his old chum, that is why he immediately understood what was going on and what was the matter with the patient.The doctor knew an approach to this person. He wrote such a funny prescription, because he knew that suspicious people like to treat themselves and he knew that the patient would follow each word he wrote in the prescription. And the focus succeeded – the man ate 1 pound beefsteak and drank 1 pint bear every 6 hours, made 1 ten-mile walk every morning, and took 1 bed at 11 every night, and, 10 and behold, â₠¬â€œ â€Å"l followed the directions with the happy result that y life was preserved and is still going on†.Happy end 0 So, the story is over, but I think it is the end only for one part of the whole story, I mean the story of the personage's life. I think it is not the end, because the question is the difficult mental trouble and one funny prescription can't solve this seriously problem. I think that man would be happy and healthy until he read one more book or article or watched a TV-show about a new fatal disease. People with such problems must consult not with subject matter experts but with mental specialists, and only in this case they will have chance to become really happy and healthy.