Use of Transition Metals in Nanotechnology

Use of Transition Metals in Nanotechnology Part 1: Introduction 1.1Â   Nanotechnology or nanotech is the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers. It is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. It deals with creating of nanoparticles and of manufacturing machines which have sizes within the range of 1 to 100 nanometres. Nanotechnology offers the potential to overcome many of the serious issues facing mankind over the coming decades. Climate change, pollution control and prevention, access to clean water, falling energy reserves and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as cancer all represent significant challenges to man and the planet. New scientific and technological breakthroughs will be needed to deliver solutions. Over the last decade almost $50 billion of government funding has been invested into nanotechnologies, and this investment is now starting to bear fruit with a steady stream of commercially viable nanotechnologies which are positively impacting human health, the environment and technology. Gold is at the forefront of this nanotechnology revolution. 1.2 What are Transition Metals? Elements whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell. They are ductile, malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. Their valence electrons are found in more than one shell, that is why they have more than one oxidation number. Some of the transition metals that are used in nanotechnology are Gold, Platinum, Iron, Cadmium, Nickel, Cobalt. 1.3 Transition Metals which are used in Nanotechnology Gold Platinum Nickel Cobalt Iron Cadmium Part 2: Project Overview 2.1: Why Transition Metals can be used in nanotechnology? Explanation of some of transition metals which can be used in nanotechnology:- 2.1.1: Gold Gold is widely used to build nanostructures because it is relatively chemically inert, although gold clusters can become quite reactive as they get smaller. Indeed, positive gold ions can react with noble gases, and gold particles just a few nanometres in diameter can act as catalysts in many reactions, as can single gold atoms bound in suitable complexes. The nobility of gold and its resistance to surface oxidation which makes it ideal material for wide range applications in nanotechnology. Gold nanoparticles have a colour varying from red to purple depending on particle size, a property that can be successfully exploited in a range of applications. 2.1.2: Nickel The reason for working with nickel is that it responds to electrochemistry, has good mechanical and corrosion properties and is inexpensive. It is strong and cheap and easily processed in this particular style. 2.1.3: Iron Iron oxide nanoparticles are considered promising because they are maneuverable by remote magnetic fields, and can be coated with various marker molecules to make them stick selectively to tumors and other targets within the body. The particles can also be made to carry anti-cancer drugs or radioactive materials directly to a tumor. Magnetic nanoparticles designed to attach to cancerous tissue can also be made to heat up by using a remote, alternating magnetic field, thereby selectively killing cancer cells in a process called magnetic hyperthermia. 2.2 Use of Transition metals in nanotechnology 2.2.1: Gold Gold nanoparticles are a popular choice for medical research, diagnostic testing and cancer treatment. By using gold nanoparticles it improves the drug delivery efficiency of anticancer drug. It may sound odd, but the dye in your blue jeans or your ballpoint pen has also been paired with gold nanoparticles to fight cancer. This dye, known as phthalocyanine, reacts with light. The nanoparticles take the dye directly to cancer cells while normal cells reject the dye. Once the particles are inside, scientists activate them with light to destroy the cancer. Similar therapies have existed to treat skin cancers with light-activated dye, but scientists are now working to use nanoparticles and dye to treat tumors deep in the body. 2.2.2: Platinum The researches in their latest word incorporated platinum metals into their nanotubes structures. Platinum can add useful catalytic, electronic, luminescent, and magnetic functionalities to the nanotubes. Catalysts are used with fuels such as hydrogen or methanol to produce hydrogen ions. Platinum, which is very expensive, is the catalyst typically used in this process. Companies are using nanoparticles of platinum to reduce the amount of platinum needed, or using nanoparticles of other materials to replace platinum entirely and thereby lower costs. 2.2.3: Nickel Applications for nickel nanocrystals include numerous catalytic functions such as in the anode of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) or in the conductive electrolytic layer of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, in replacement of platinum. Also, substituting all or a portion of the platinum with nickel nano particles in automotive catalytic converters would significantly reduce their cost and in coatings, plastics, nanowire, nanofiber and textiles and in certain alloy and catalyst applications . Further research is being done for their potential electrical, dielectric, magnetic, optical, imaging, biomedical and bioscience properties. Nickel Nano Particles are generally immediately available in most volumes. Nickel nanoparticles could even be used in biomedical applications, such as implants that dispense drugs, though the metal would likely be coated to prevent possible allergic reactions. The metals magnetic properties make it a natural choice for magnetic applications. 2.2.4: Cobalt The nanoparticle films of transition metals such as iron, nickel, or cobalt may be used to catalyse the growth of carbon nanotube. The Nickel or Cobalt nanotubes with larger diameters(around 160 nm) show a nearly isotropic magnetic moments arranged in a vortex state at zero field. 2.2.5: Iron Hot iron nanoparticles could be used to carve electronic circuits out of graphene sheets. The excellent electronic properties of graphene have prompted scientists to try cutting it into nanoribbons, which might be used in electronic devices of the future. Attempts with lithography, however, have left rough edges to the nanoribbons that could affect their performance. Widely used iron nanoparticles exhibit toxic effects on neuronal cells. Iron is an essential nutrient for mammals and most life forms and iron oxide nanoparticles were generally assumed to be safe Part 3: Analysis 3.1 Nanotechnology and Cancer In a study published in the July 2007 issue of Analytical Chemistry, scientists from Purdue University detailed their use of gold nanoparticles to detect breast cancer. Their work, along with similar studies at other universities, has the potential to radically change breast cancer detection. The procedure works by identifying the proteins found on the exteriors of cancer cells. Different types of cancer have different proteins on their surfaces that serve as unique markers. Nanorods, gold nanoparticles shaped like rods, use specialized antibodies to latch onto the protein markers for breast cancer, or for another cancer type. After the nanorods bind to proteins in a blood sample, scientists examine how they scatter light. Each protein-nanorod combination scatters light in a unique way, allowing for precise diagnoses. The use of gold nanoparticles is not new to this study. These tiny particles it would take 500 of them to span the width of a human hair are particularly suited to detect toxins, pathogens and cancers and are a subject of much experimentation. The scientists at Purdue used nanorods capable of attaching to three types of breast cancer markers, with two of the markers identifying how invasive the cancer is. The lead researcher on the study, Joseph Irudayaraji, said that these nanorods could one day form part of a much more thorough test, binding to up to 15 unique markers. Using nanorods cuts the price of the diagnosis by two-thirds compared to the similar method of flow cytometry, in which fluorescent markers bind to cancer cells. Flow cytometry requires a bigger sample size with thousands of times more cells than is needed for nanorods, meaning that nanorods are capable of helping to determine earlier diagnoses. Nanorods prove much less invasive than some other methods because they use blood samples and dont require a biopsy. Part of the cost savings comes from scientists being able to use a conventional microscope and light source to view the samples, unlike other methods that employ expensive microscopes or lasers. In a different study, Dr. Irudayaraj showed that gold nanorods could be used to detect cancer stem cells. The discovery is particularly valuable because cancer stem cells cause the out-of-control growth that makes malignant tumors so deadly. Dr. Irudayaraji said that gold nanoparticles could be widely available for cancer diagnoses sometime in 2011. Besides being part of exhaustive tests that can detect cancers early on, nanoparticles may also form the basis of future cancer treatments. Lasers that react with gold nanoparticles could be used to destroy cancer cells. Or, nanoparticles could be used as targeted drug-delivery systems. Part 4: Conclusion After the completion of the term paper on Use of Transition Metals in Nanotechnology I got many new things to learn about. The term paper helped me to know more about nanotechnology and the different transition metals and about its use in nanotechnology. The nanoparticles, how it is useful in treatment of cancer, and its uses in biomedicals and others. The term paper also gives the structures of some of the transition metals nanoparticles and about the extensive use of the transition metals in nanotechnology. I have worked very hard on this project and wanted to build it in a very simple and lucid manner so that it could be easy for the reader to go through and understand the term paper. Hopefully, I think that you would have gained some knowledge on transition metals nanoparticles and could have well understood it. I grant a sincere apologize if any mistake would have crept in my work.

World Ciz Essay Chapter One

Agriculture Agriculture was discovered by a coincidence of a discarded trash which carried seeds that later was discovered of a type plant which protruded from the ground the trash was thrown. The chapter mentions that it was probably a woman that threw away the trash and later discovered the miracle of the plant that grew from the seed days later. It was from this discovery that later fuel the thought of agriculture, which eventually reached many parts of the world throughout the coming years.Agriculture not only grew In size, but many advances from this trade were discovered and used not only to Improve and Increase the size of growing food from seeds, but It lead to other avenues of engineering. However, In any type of new discovery and advances, there are disadvantages and challenges encountered. Different tribes throughout the different countries overcame many of these challenges, but there were those that had to change their approach or relocate.Some of the major transformation s and advances explored were: the ability for seeds to reproduce into plants and food, which these fields had to be attended to in order o maintain fertility, this in turn lead to settlements and the concept of owning property, then other new technologies were developed to fulfill new needs such as storage containers and tools for processing and cultivating food. Throughout the world agriculture lead people to permanent settlements, while Increasing the crop and creating food surpluses.The community of people soon discovered that they storage such as pottery for storing food harvested, metal workers who also had specialized roles. The advances that lead from the discovery of agriculture lead to people not going angry and people were able to settle on a certain property for a period of time. Some culture discovered different systems to cultivate their crops and fields, which lead to provide important nutrients that created better crops. One of these systems mentioned were the â€Å" three sister†.This discovery allowed three types of crops to grown within the same field, which the roots of each plant in turn, produced nutrients for the maize seeds. This type system is known to put together to make a nutritionally complete meal. Also, with the discovery of other tools, homes and better helter were made for families to settle and live in order to attend to the fields and harvest their crops. This assisted the community in better living conditions and in turn created what was known as the first towns.The consequences of this advancement negatively was that farming was no more secure than hunter-gatherer Jobs plus had a heavier workload. Due to the environmental wear and tear of their bodies, as well as their diets were not diverse they suffered from a lot of diseases which lead to them dying at young ages. The positive consequences of farming would be people began to learnt how to take better are of themselves by producing vast amounts of food from plants an d it was at a comfortable range of their reach.Also, the people around them develop other ways in nutrition and tools with led to a more developed society. The challenge humans faced due to agriculture development would be sharing the land fairly and evenly. Sometimes a farmer would see how another farmer is able to grow more fruit or vegetables or possible wheat, and eventually they would want to take part of that land so they themselves will be able to grow better food. With the development of government in place humans were able to overcome this a be more organized with what land people owned and also divide it fairly.In conclusion, agriculture has definitely had an important role in society development. Without it who knows how long it would have taken for governments and other guidelines that are in placed today which have created the foundation for things such as law and order. As mentioned, of course development of anything came with challenges which people had to become more diverse in their way of thinking in order to overcome these challenges. With such diversity comes both positive and negative results.

Why Fruit Is Bad For The Soul - 1219 Words

Why Fruit is Bad for the Soul We tell stories to remember history, but these tales aren’t as static as the facts of history. Each time a story is told, it changes with the storyteller’s interpretation. Paintings are no exception. One of the most famous stories in mainstream Christianity is the story of Adam and Eve. The story of the mother and father of all humans disobeying God and eating from the forbidden tree of knowledge, and being punished for the misdeed, is passed down as a lesson about why people must obey God. There have been numerous artistic depictions of this story created throughout the ages, two of the most famous being created by Michelangelo and Cranach. Adam and Eve by Cranach and Adam and Eve by Michelangelo are both depictions of Adam and Even eating the forbidden fruit. Cranach demonstrates his viewpoint of the act as an unwitting sin using a path of blame from the serpent all the way to Adam and Eve as well as bold colors to emphasize vitality and pureness lost. Michelangelo, on the other hand, shows his belief that it was deliberate disobedience, demonstrated by the integration of snake and man as the source of temptation and a barren landscape to imply their lack of remorse. Ultimately, Cranach shows a reason to forgive, while Michelangelo justifies the punishment. The lines connecting Adam, Eve and the serpent as well as the distinction, or lack of, between them and the snake in Cranach’s and Michelangelo’s paintings shows where they place theShow MoreRelatedWhy One Sin Is Worse Than Another1629 Words   |  7 PagesMost Christians these days see every sin as equally bad. In other words, no one sin is worse or should draw worse punishment than another. In Dantes The Inferno, however, this is not the case. In The Inferno, the deeper one delves into Hell, the worse the sin that has been committed. The punishments that the souls incur are representative of the sins they committed in their corporeal state of being. 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